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Revista Electrónica de Medicina Intensiva
Artículo nº A55. Vol 6 nº 10, octubre 2006.

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Autor: Eduardo Palencia Herrejón


Sepsis grave y shock séptico: referencias bibliográficas
[Recomendado: Versión para descargar: PDF 396 Kb, 26 pág]

[Referencias generales] [Pautas de actuación clínica] [Puesta en práctica] [Definiciones, estadios, epidemiología] [Estatinas] [Resucitación y tratamiento hemodinámico] [Tratamiento antibiótico] [Proteína C activada] [Determinación de lactato] [Riesgo de muerte] [Corticoides] [Catéter de arteria pulmonar] [Lesión pulmonar aguda y SDRA] [Control de la glucemia] [Tratamiento de soporte]

Cómo citar este documento:

Palencia E. Sepsis grave y shock séptico: referencias bibliográficas. REMI 2006; 6 (10): A55. URL: http://remi.uninet.edu/2006/10/REMIA055.htm

Esta es la primera versión de este documento, que se actualizará periódicamente. Las próximas versiones presentarán mejoras, corregirán errores y añadirán nuevas referencias. Se agradecerá cualquier opinión, rectificación o sugerencia de los lectores. Las nuevas versiones de este documento se publicarán en REMI: http://remi.uninet.edu/sepsis/referencias.htm

Eduardo Palencia Herrejón
Servicio de Medicina Intensiva
Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid.
remi@uninet.edu

Referencias generales

  1. de Lucas N. Manejo de la sepsis grave en el neonato. REMI 2005; 5 (6): C31.

  2. Díaz-Alersi R. Tratamiento hemodinámico del shock séptico. REMI 2004; 4 (11): C18.

  3. López-Herce J. Manejo de la sepsis grave en el niño. REMI 2004; 4 (8): C30.

  4. Palencia E. Conferencias de consenso e iniciativas para combatir a la sepsis. REMI 2004; 4 (10): C2.

  5. Palencia E. Epidemiología de la sepsis. REMI 2004; 4 (7): C1.

  6. Palencia E. La sepsis: definiciones y estadios. REMI 2004; 4 (6): C1.

  7. Palencia E. Tratamiento del enfermo con sepsis grave. REMI 2005; 5 (3): C3.

  8. Sierra R. Sepsis grave y shock séptico: aspectos etiopatogénicos, fisiopatológicos, clínicos y terapéuticos. Tercer Congreso Internacional de Medicina Crítica en Internet, 2001. [Texto completo]

Pautas de actuación clínica

  1. Carcillo JA, Fields AI, Task Force Comitee Members. ACCM clinical practice parameters for hemodynamic support of pediatric and neonatal septic shock. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 1365-1378. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [PDF 1,29 Mb]

  2. Dellinger RP, Carlet JM, Masur H, Gerlach H, Calandra T, Cohen J, Gea-Banacloche J, Keh D, Marshall JC, Parker MM, Ramsay G, Zimmerman JL, Vincent JL, Levy MM. Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines for the management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 536-555. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [PDF 273 Kb, 20 pág]. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 858-873. [PDF 16 pág]

  3. Hollenberg SM, Ahrens TS, Annane D, Astiz ME, Chalfin DB, Dasta JF, Heard SO, Martin C, Napolitano LM, Susla GM, Totaro R, Vincent JL, Zanotti-Cavazzoni S. Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients: 2004 update. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 1928-1948. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [PDF 799 Kb, 21 pág]

  4. Institute for Healthcare Improvement: Sepsis. [Enlace]

  5. Nguyen HB, Rivers EP, Abrahamian FM, Moran GJ, Abraham E, Trzeciak S, Huang DT, Osborn T, Stevens D, Talan DA, Emergency Department Sepsis Education Program and Strategies to Improve Survival (ED-SEPSIS) Working Group. Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: Review of the Literature and Emergency Department Management Guidelines.[Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  6. Palencia E. Pautas de actuación clínica sobre sepsis grave y shock séptico. [REMI 2004; 4 (3) A15]

  7. Pronovost PJ, Nolan T, Zeger S, Miller M, Rubin H. How can clinicians measure safety and quality in acute care?. Lancet 2004; 363: 1061-1067. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  8. Sprung ChL, Bernard GR, Dellinger P; International Sepsis Forum. Guidelines for the management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27 Suppl 1: S1-S134. [Búsqueda Medline]

  9. Surviving Sepsis Campaign. Barcelona Declaration. [Texto completo]

  10. Vincent JL. Is the Current Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Really Evidence Based?. PLOS Medicine 2006; 3. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

Puesta en práctica

  1. De Miguel-Yanes JM, Andueza-Lillo JA, González-Ramallo VJ, Pastor L, Muñoz J. Failure tu implement evidence-based clinical guidelines for sepsis at the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2006; 24: 553-559. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  2. Gao F, Melody T, Daniels DF, Giles S, Fox S. The impact of compliance with 6-hour and 24-hour sepsis bundles on hospital mortality in patients with severe sepsis: a prospective observational study. Crit Care 2005; 9: 764-770. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  3. Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Sepsis: How to improve. [Enlace]

  4. Kortgen A, Niederprum P, Bauer M.. Implementation of an evidence-based “standard operating procedure” and outcome in septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 943-949. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  5. Micek ST, Roubinian N, Heuring T, Bode M, Williams J, Harrison C, Murphy T, Prentice D, Ruoff BE, Kollef MH. Before-after study of a standardized hospital order set for the management of septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006; 34 (en prensa) [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  6. Nguyen HB, Corbett SW, Menes K, Cho T, Daugharthy J, Klein W, Withlake WA. Early goal-directed therapy, corticosteroid, and recombinant human activated protein C for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2006; 13: 109-113. [Resumen] [Attículos relacionados]

  7. Palencia E. Manos a la obra: disminuir la mortalidad de la sepsis grave. [REMI 2006; 6 (3): A41]

  8. Pronovost PJ, Nolan T, Zeger S, Miller M, Rubin H. How can clinicians measure safety and quality in acute care?. Lancet 2004; 363: 1061-1067. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  9. Rivers EP. Early Goal-Directed Therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock. Converting science to reality. Chest 2006; 129: 217-218. [PubMed] [Artículos relacionados]

  10. Shapiro NI, Howell MD, Talmor D, Lahey D, Ngo L, Buras J, Wolfe RE, Weiss JW, Lisbon A. Implementation and outcomes of the multiple urgent sepsis therapies (MUST) protocol. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 1025-1032. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  11. Society of Critical Care Medicine. Sepsis Information Home [Enlace]

  12. Surviving Sepsis Campaign [Enlace]

  13. Trzeciak S, Dellinger RP, Abate NL, Cowan RM, Stauss M, Kilgannon JH, Zanotti S, Parrillo JE. Translating research to clinical practice. A 1-year experience with implementing early goal-directed therapy for septic shock in the emergency department. Chest 2006; 129: 225-232. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

Definiciones, estadios, epidemiología

  1. Alberti C, Brun-Buisson C, Goodman SV, Guidici D, Granton J, Moreno R, Smithies M, Thomas O, Artigas A, Le Gall JR; European Sepsis Group. Influence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis on outcome of critically ill infected patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168: 77-84. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  2. Angus DC, Burgner D, Wunderink R, Mira JP, Gerlach H, Wiedermann CJ, Vincent JL. The PIRO concept: P is for predisposition. Crit Care 2003; 7: 248-251. [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  3. Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 2001; 29: 1303-1310. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  4. Annane D, Aegerter P, Jars-Guincestre MC, Guidet B, for the CUB-Réa Network. Current epidemiology of septic shock. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168: 165-172. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  5. Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, Schein RMH, Sibbald WJ. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest 1992; 101: 1644-1655. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  6. Brun-Buisson C, Doyon F, Carlet J, and the French Bacteriemia-sepsis study group. Bacteremia and severe sepsis in adults: a multicenter prospective survey in ICUs and wards of 24 hospitals. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 617-624. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  7. Brun-Buisson C, Doyon F, Carlet J, Dellamonica P, Gouin F, Lepoutre A, Mercier JC, Offenstadt G, Regnier B. Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults. A multicenter prospective study in intensive care units. French ICU Group for Severe Sepsis. JAMA 1995; 274: 968-974. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  8. Brun-Buisson C, Meshaka P, Pinton P, Vallet B; EPISEPSIS Study Group. EPISEPSIS: a reappraisal of the epidemiology and outcome of severe sepsis in French intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 580-588. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  9. Brun-Buisson C. The epidemiology of the systemic inflammatory response. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26: S64-S74. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  10. Centers for Disease Control. Current trends increase in hospital discharge survey rates for septicaemia: United States, 1979-1987. MMWR 1990; 39: 31-34. [Texto completo]

  11. Cohen J, Cristofaro P, Carlet J, Opal S. New method of classifying infections in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 1510-1526. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  12. Ferreira FL, Bota DP, Bross A, Melot C, Vincent JL. Serial evaluation of the SOFA score to predict outcome in critically ill patients. JAMA 2001; 286: 1754-1758. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  13. Finfer S, Bellomo R, Lipman J, French C, Dobb G, Myburgh J and ANZICS Clinical Trials Group Sepsis Investigators. Adult-population incidence of severe sepsis in Australian and New Zealand intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 589-596. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  14. Flaaten H. Epidemiology of sepsis in Norway in 1999. Crit Care 2004; 8: 180-184. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  15. Gerlach H, Dhainaut JF, Harbarth S, Reinhart K, Marshall JC, Levy M. The PIRO concept: R is for response. Crit Care 2003; 7: 256-259. [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  16. Iñigo J, Sendra JM, Díaz R, Bouza C, Sarría-Santamera A. Epidemiología y costes de la sepsis grave en Madrid. Estudio de altas hospitalarias. Med Intensiva 2006; 30: 197-203. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo] [PDF 164 Kb]

  17. Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, Cohen J, Opal SM, Vincent JL, Ramsay G; International Sepsis Definitions Conference. 2001 SCCM/ ESICM/ ACCP/ ATS/ SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 530-538. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] El texto completo está disponible gratis en la web de la SCCM: Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 1250-1256. [PDF 282 Kb, 7 pág]

  18. Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1546-1554. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  19. Matot I, Sprung C. Definition of sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27: S3-S9. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  20. Moreno R, Vincent JL, Matos R, Mendonca A, Cantraine F, Thijs L, Takala J, Sprung C, Antonelli M, Bruining H, Willatts S. The use of maximum SOFA score to quantify organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care. Results of a prospective, multicentre study. Working Group on Sepsis related Problems of the ESICM. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25: 686-696. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  21. Moss M, Martin GS. A global perspective on the epidemiology of sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 527-529. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  22. Padkin A, Goldfrad C, Brady AR, Young D, Black N, Rowan K. Epidemiology of severe sepsis ocurring in the first 24 hours in intensive care units in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 2332-2338. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  23. Palencia E, Sánchez B. Infecciones del sistema nervioso central: epidemiología de la meningitis aguda. En Serrano R, Barberán J. “Protocolos de enfermedades infecciosas”, Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna, 2004. [Texto completo]

  24. Palencia E. Definiciones y estadios de la sepsis. [REMI 2004; 4 (6): C1]

  25. Palencia E. Epidemiología de la sepsis. [REMI 2004; 4 (7): C1b]

  26. Quartin AA, Schein RM, Kett DH, Peduzzi PN. Magnitude and duration of the effect of sepsis on survival. Department of Veterans Affairs Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Studies Group. JAMA 1997; 277: 1058-1063. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  27. Rangel-Frausto MS, Pittet D, Hwang T, Woolson RF, Wenzel R. The dynamics of disease progression in sepsis: Markov modeling describing the natural history and the likely impact of effective antisepsis agents. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27: 185-190. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  28. Rangel-Frausto S, Pittet D, Costignan M, Hwang T, Davis CS, Wenzel RP. The natural history of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). A prospective study. JAMA 1995; 273: 117-123. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  29. Silva E, de Almeida M, Beltrami AC, et al. Brazilian sepsis epidemiologic study (BASES study). Crit Care 2004, 8: R251-R260. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  30. Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Sprung CL, Ranieri VM, Reinhart K, Gerlach H, Moreno R, Carlet J, Le Gall JR, Payen D; Sepsis Occurrence in Acutely Ill Patients Investigators. Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 344-353. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  31. Sprung CL, Sakr Y, Vincent JL, Le Gall JR, Reinhart K, Ranieri VM, Gerlach H, Fielden J, Groba CB, Payen D. An evaluation of systemic inflammatory response syndrome signs in the Sepsis Occurrence in Acutely Ill Patients (SOAP study). Intensive Care Med 2006; 32: 421-427. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  32. Teres D, Rapoport J, Lemeshow S, Kim S, Akhras K. Effects of severity of illness on resource use by survivors and nonsurvivors of severe sepsis at intensive care admission. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 2413-2419. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  33. van Gestel PA, Bakker J, Veraart CPWM, van Hout BA. Prevalence and incidence of severe sepsis in Dutch intensive care units. Crit Care 2004; 8: 153-162. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  34. Vincent JL, de Mendonca A, Cantraine F, Moreno R, Takala J, Suter PM, Sprung CL, Colardyn F, Blecher S. Working group on "sepsis-related problems" of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Use of the SOFA score to assess the incidence of organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care units: results of a multicenter, prospective study. Crit Care Med 1998; 26: 1793-1800. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  35. Vincent JL, Opal S, Torres A, Bonten M, Cohen J, Wunderink R. The PIRO concept: I is for infection. Crit Care 2003; 7: 252-255. [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  36. Vincent JL, Wendon J, Groeneveld J, Marshall JC, Streat S, Carlet J. The PIRO concept: O is for organ disfunction. Crit Care 2003; 7: 260-264. [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  37. Watson RS, Carcillo JA, Linde-Zwirble WT, Clermont G, Lidicker J, Angus DC. The epidemiology of severe sepsis in children in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 695-701. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  38. Weicker D, Akhras KS, Edelsberg J, Angus DC, Ester G. Long-term mortality and medical care charges in patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 2316-2323. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  39. Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Severe sepsis: National estimates (editorials). Crit Care Med 2001; 29: 1472-1473. [Artículos relacionados]

  40. Williams MD, Braun LA, Cooper LM, Johnston J, Weiss RV, Qualy RL, Linde-Zwirble W. Hospitalized cancer patients with severe sepsis: analysis of incidence, mortality, and associated costs of care. Crit Care 2004; 8: 291-298. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

Estatinas y sepsis

  1. Hackam DG, Mamdani M, Li P, Redelmeier DA. Statins and sepsis in patients with cardiovascular disease: a population-based cohort analysis. Lancet 2006; 367: 413-418. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  2. Almog Y, Shefer A, Novack V, Maimon N, Barski L, Eizinger M, Friger M, Zeller L, Danon A. Prior statin therapy is associated with a decreased rate of severe sepsis. Circulation 2004; 110: 880-885. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  3. Liappis AP, Kan VL, Rochester CG, Simon GL. The effect of statins on mortality in patients with bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 1352-1357. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

Resucitación inicial y manejo hemodinámico

  1. Beale RJ, Hollenberg SM, Vincent JL, Parrillo JE. Vasopressor and inotropic support in septic shock: An evidence-based review. Crit Care Med 2004; 32 (Suppl.): S455-S465. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  2. Bindels AJ, van der Hoeven JG, Graafland AD, de Koning J, Meinders AE. Relationships between volume and pressure measurements and stroke volume in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2000; 4: 193-199. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  3. Carcillo JA, Fields AI, Task Force Comitee Members. ACCM clinical practice parameters for hemodynamic support of pediatric and neonatal septic shock. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 1365-1378. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [PDF 1,29 Mb]

  4. Day NP, Phu NH, Bethell DP, Mai NT, Chau TT, Hien TT, White NJ.The effects of dopamine and adrenaline infusions on acid-base balance and systemic haemodynamics in severe infection. Lancet 1996; 348: 219-223. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  5. Debaveye YA, Van den Berghe GH.Is there still a place for dopamine in the modern intensive care unit? Anesth Analg 2004; 98: 461-468. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  6. Desjars P, Pinaud M, Bugnon D, Tasseau F. Norepinephrine therapy has no deleterious renal effects in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 1989; 17: 426-429. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  7. Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N, French J, Myburgh J, Norton R; SAFE Study Investigators. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2247-2256. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  8. Gattinoni L, Brazzi L, Pelosi P, Latini R, Tognoni G, Pesenti A, Fumagalli R. A trial of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in critically ill patients. SvO2 Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1025-1032. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  9. Hayes MA, Timmins AC, Yau EH, Palazzo M, Hinds CJ, Watson D. Elevation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1717-1722. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  10. Heyland DK, Cook DJ, King D, Kernerman P, Brun-Buisson C. Maximizing oxygen delivery in critically ill patients: a methodologic appraisal of the evidence. Crit Care Med 1996; 24: 517-524. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  11. Hollenberg SM, Ahrens TS, Annane D, Astiz ME, Chalfin DB, Dasta JF, Heard SO, Martin C, Napolitano LM, Susla GM, Totaro R, Vincent JL, Zanotti-Cavazzoni S. Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients: 2004 update. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 1928-1948. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [PDF 799 Kb, 21 pág]

  12. Holmes CL, Patel BM, Russell JA, Walley KR. Physiology of vasopressin relevant to management of septic shock. Chest 2001; 120: 989-1002. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  13. Holmes CL, Walley KR. Bad medicine: low-dose dopamine in the ICU. Chest 2003; 123: 1266-1275. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  14. Jardin F, Sportiche M, Bazin M, Bourokba A, Margairaz A. Dobutamine: a hemodynamic evaluation in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 1981; 9: 329-332. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  15. Landry DW, Oliver JA. The pathogenesis of vasodilatory shock. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 588-595. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

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Tratamiento antibiótico

  1. Bochud PY, Bonten M, Marchetti O, Calandra T. Antimicrobial therapy for patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: An evidence-based review. Crit Care Med 2004; 32 (Suppl.): S495–S512. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  2. Garnacho-Montero J, García-Garmendia JL, Barrero-Almodóvar A, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Pérez-Paredes C, Ortiz-Leyba C. Impact of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy on the outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2003; 31: 2742-2751. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  3. Garnacho-Montero J, Aldabo-Pallas T, Garnacho-Montero C, Cayuela A, Jimenez R, Barroso S, Ortiz-Leyba C. Timing of adequate antibiotic therapy is a greater determinant of outcome than are TNF and IL-10 polymorphisms in patients with sepsis. Crit Care 2006; 10: R111. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  4. Harbarth S, Garbino J, Pugin J, Romand JA, Lew D, Pittet D. Inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy and its effect on survival in a clinical trial of immunomodulating therapy for severe sepsis. Am J Med 2003; 115: 529-535. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  5. Ibrahim EH, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting. Chest 2000; 118: 146-155. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [HTML] [PDF]

  6. Kollef MH, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser VJ. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest 1999; 115: 462-474. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [HTML] [PDF]

  7. Kollef MH. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment: an important determinant of outcome for hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31 Suppl 4: S131-S138. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [HTML] [PDF 90 Kb]

  8. Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, Light B, Parrillo JE, Sharma S, Suppes R, Feinstein D, Zanotti S, Taiberg L, Gurka D, Kumar A, Cheang M. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 1589-1596. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  9. MacArthur RD, Miller M, Albertson T, Panacek E, Johnson D, Teoh L, Barchuk W. Adequacy of early empiric antibiotic treatment and survival in severe sepsis: experience from the MONARCS trial. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 284-288. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo HTML] [PDF 114 Kb]

  10. Sandiumenge A, Díaz E, Bodí M, Rello J. Therapy of ventilator associated pneumonia. A patient-based approach based on the ten rules of "The Tarragona Strategy". Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 876-883. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  11. Shorr AF, Bodi M, Rodríguez A, Solé-Violán J, Garnacho-Montero J, Rello J for the CAPUCI Study Investigators. Impact of Antibiotic Guideline Compliance on Duration of Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Chest 2006: 130; 93-100. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  12. Vallés J, Rello J, Ochagavía A, Garnacho J, Alcalá MA. Community-acquired bloodstream infection in critically ill adult patients: impact of shock and inappropriate antibiotic therapy on survival. Chest 2003; 123: 1615-1624. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [HTML] [PDF]

Proteína C activada

  1. Abraham E, Laterre PF, Garg R, Levy H, Talwar D, Trzaskoma BL, François B, Guy JS, Brückmann M, Rea-Neto A, Rossaint R, Perrotin D, Sablotzki A, Arkins N, Utterback BG, Macias WL, for the Administration of Drotrecogin Alfa (Activated) in Early Stage Severe Sepsis (ADDRESS) Study Group. Drotrecogin Alfa (Activated) for Adults with Severe Sepsis and a Low Risk of Death. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1332-1341. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  2. Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, LaRosa SP, Dhainaut JF, López Rodríguez A, Steingrub JS, Garber GE, Helterbrand JD, Ely EW, Fisher CJ. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 699-709. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  3. De Backer D, Verdant C, Chierego M, Koch M, Gullo A, Vincent JL. Effects of drotrecogin alfa activated on microcirculatory alterations in patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2006; 34: 1918-1924. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  4. Dhainaut JF, Laterre PF, Janes JM, et al. Drotrecogin alfa (activated) in the treatment of severe sepsis patients with multiple organ dysfunction: data from the PROWESS trial. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 894-903. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  5. Ely EW, Laterre PF, Angus DC, et al. Drotrecogin alfa (activated) administration across clinically important subgroups of patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 12-19. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  6. Fourrier F. Recombinant human activated protein C in the treatment of severe sepsis: An evidence-based review. Crit Care Med 2004; 32 (Suppl): S534–S541. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  7. Green C, Dinnes J, Takeda A, Sheperd J, Hartwell D, Cave C, Payne E, Cuthbertson BH. Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of drotrecogin alfa (activated) (Xigris) for the treatment of severe sepsis in adults: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2005; 9: 1-126. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo] [PDF 740 Kb]

  8. Laterre PF, Wittebole X. Clinical review: Drotrecogin alfa (activated) as adjunctive therapy for severe sepsis- practical aspects at the bedside and patient identification. Crit Care 2003; 7: 445-450. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  9. Palencia E. Club de lectura: Proteína C activada en la sepsis grave: estudio PROWESS. [REMI 2001; 1 (3) L1]

  10. Palencia E. Proteína C activada en la sepsis grave. [REMI 2005; 5 (6): C28]

  11. Vincent JL, Angus DC, Artigas A, et al. Effects of drotrecogin alfa (activated) on organ dysfunction in the PROWESS trial. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 834-840. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  12. Vincent Jl, Bernard GR, Beale R, Doig C et al. Drotecogin alfa (activated) treatment in severe sepsis from the global open-label trial ENHANCE: Further evidence for survival and safety and implications for early treatment. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 2266-2277. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  13. Vincent JL, Nadel S, Kutsogiannis DJ, Gibney RTN, Yan SB, Wyss VL, Bailey JE, Mitchell CL, Sarwat S, Shinall SM, Janes JM. Drotrecogin alfa (activated) in patients with severe sepsis presenting with purpura fulminans, meningitis, or meningococcal disease: a retrospective analysis of patients enrolled in recent clinical studies. Crit Care 2005, 9:R331-R343. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

  14. Vincent JL, O'Brien J Jr, Wheeler A, Wittebole X, Garg R, Trzaskoma BL, Sundin DP. Use of an integrated clinical trial database to evaluate the effect of timing of drotrecogin alfa (activated) treatment in severe sepsis. Crit Care 2006; 10: R74. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados] [Texto completo]

Determinación de lactato

  1. Friedman G, Berlot G, Kahn RJ, Vincent JL.Combined measurements of blood lactate concentrations and gastric intramucosal pH in patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 1184-1193. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  2. Fukuoka T, Nishimura M, Imanaka H, Taenaka N, Yoshiya I, Takezawa J. Effects of norepinephrine on renal function in septic patients with normal and elevated serum lactate levels. Crit Care Med 1989; 17: 1104-1107. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados]

  3. Gallagher EJ, Rodriguez K, Touger M. Agreement between peripheral venous and arterial lactate levels. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 29: 479-483. [Resumen] [Artículos relacionados